Foot

Tarsal bones, Metartarsals, Phalanges

Tarsal bones 

• calcaneus, cuboid, talus 3 cuniforms (Medial, intermediate, lateral)Navicular

Metartarsals 

•  5 in number

Phalanges

• Two in the big toe, three in each other toe

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Patella (Knee Cap)

At the Knee joint

Triangular in Shape

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Born of Upper Limb

Humerus

• 3 Parts – Proximal end, shaft, distal end

Proximal end – Head, lesser tubercle, greater tubercle, surgical neck and anatomical neck

Distal end – Capitalum, trochlea, Lateral epicondyle, Medial epicondyle

Hand – Carpal bones, Metarcarpals, Phalanges

Carpal Bones

• Arranged in two rows
• Proximal row(Lateral tomedial) scaphoid, lunate, triquetral,pisiform
• Distal row(Lateral to medail) Trapezim, Trapezoid, Capitate,Homate

Metarcarpals 

• 5 in number

Phalanges

• Two in the thumb, three in each other finger

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Shoulder Girdle

Shoulder Girdle – Scapula, Clavicle

Scapula

• Flat, Triangular shaped bone
• Glenoid cavity – Lateral angle
• Spine – Posterior surface
• Corocoid process – projects anteriorly from superior border
• Acromion process – part of the spine projecting beyond the spine projecting beyond the lateral angle

Clavicle (Collar Bone)

• Long bone with two curves
• Medial end – Articulates with Manubrium of  Sternum
• Lateral end – Articulates with acromiun process of scapula

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Bones of Lower Limb

Thigh – Femur

Femur

• Proximal end head, neck. Greater and lesser trochanter
• Shaft
• Distal end – medial and lateral condyles intercondylar fossa, patella surface 

Leg – Tibia (Medial), fibula (Lateral)

Tibia

• Proximal end – medial and lateral condyles, Tibial tuberosity
• Shaft
• Distal end medial malleolus

Fibula

• Proximal end – head, neck
• Shaft
• Distal end – Lateral malleolus

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Forearm - Radius(Lateral), Ulna(Medial)

Radius

• Proximal end – head, neck and radial tuberosity
• Shaft
• Dital end – dorsal tubercl, styloid process, Ulna notch

Ulna

• Proximal end – olecranon process, Trochlear notch, Radial notch, Coronoid process
• Shaft
• Distal end – head, styloid process

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Characteristics of a Rib

3 Parts

Anterior end – Depression for costal cartilage

Shaft – convex laterally

Posterior end – head, neck, tubercle

• Head – articulate with bodies of two adjacent thoracic vertebra
• Tubercle – Articulate with transverse process

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Ribs

12 Pairs

True ribs – Upper seven ribs where costal cartilages are attached to the sternum

False ribs – Lower 5 ribs

                     8,9,10 Ribs - Costal cartilage are attached to costal cartilage above

                     11, 12 ribs (Floating ribs) Costal cartilages and freely

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Sternum (Breast Bone)

 

In the middle of front of the chest.

This is divided in to three parts

Manubrium

Body

Xiphoid process

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Characteristics of a Typical Vertibra

        Body – Situated anteriorly

seperated by intervertebral  discs

        Neural Arch

Situated Posteriorly

Composed of pedicles, Laminae, Transverse processes, Articular processes, Spine

Encloses vertebral foramen – which contains the spinal chord

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Skull

Two parts – Cranium and face

Cranium

Surrounds the brain

Bones Frontal bone,2  parietal bones, Temporal bones, Occipital bones, Sphenoid bone, Ethmoid bone

Two parts: - Vault – Upper part

                    Base – Lower part

Many Foramina for the passage of blood vessels and nerves

Divided into anterior, Middle and posterior cranial fossae

FACE

Bones

2 Zygomatic bones, 2 nasal bones, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 palatine bones, 2 inferior chonchae maxilla, Vomer, mandible

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Skeletal System

Made up of bones

Principal Divisions

Axial Skeleton – Skull, vertebral column,  Ribs, Sternum

                              

Appendicular Skeleton – Pelvic and shoulder, Girdles, Bones of upper and lower limbs

                                                

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Vertebral Column

33 Vertebrae

5 Groups

Cervical – 7

Thoracic – 12

Lumber – 5

Sacral – 5 – Fused to form sacrum

Coccygeal – 4 – Fused to form Coccyx

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Leucocytes/ white blood cells

Posse a nucleus

Fewer in number

Longer in size - 8 to 15 micrometers

Normal counts - 6000 to 11000

Two main varieties

Granular/ Poly nuclear

Neutrophils -70%

Eosinophils - 4%

Basophils -1%

Non granular/mono nuclear

Lymphocytes -23%

Monocytes - 2%

Provide the body with a defend against invading infections

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Erythrocytes /Red blood cells

No nucleus

7 micro meters in diameter

Formed in red bone marrow

Give the blood its colour

Contains a pigment called ”Haemoglobin”

Normal counts    Women - 4.5 × 10¹² l ^-1

                           Men    - 5 × 10¹² l ^-1

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Cellular Contents of blood

Erythrocytes/Red blood cells

Leukocytes/white blood cells

Thrombocytes/platelets

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Plasma

Composed of,

Water  90% - 92%

Plasma proteins 60-80g  - Globulin

                                            Albumin

                                            Fibrinogen

                                            Protrombin

Mineral salts - inorganic salts, sodium ion, chloride, Sodium bi carbonate, K⁺, Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺

Nutrient material -   Amino acids

                               Fatty acids

                               Vitamins

Organic  waste product - Urea, Uric acid,

Hormones - Thyroxine

                     Insulin

Enzymes

Gasses - 0₂,C0₂

Drugs

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